12 McIntosh, Peggy. (1988). White Privilege and Male Privilege: A
Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in
Women’s Studies. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from HYPERLINK
"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/res_colleges/socjust/Readings/McIntosh.html"
75 Cole, Jonathan R. Fair Science: Women in the Scientific Community. New York: Free Press, 1979.
76 Fidell, L.S. ìEmpirical Verification of Sex Discrimination in Hiring Practices in Psychology.” In Women: Dependent or Independent Variable? edited by R.K. Unger and F.L. Denmark. New York: Psychological Dimensions, 1975.
77 Fox, Mary Frank.† "Gender, Faculty, and Doctoral Education in
Science and Engineering."† In Equal Rites, Unequal Outcomes:† Women in
American Research Universities (pp. 91-109), edited by L. Hornig.† New
York:† Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003.
††††††††
78 Fox, Mary Frank. ìWomen in Science and Academia: Graduate
Education and Careers.” Gender & Society 15 (October 2002): 654-666.
79 Grant, L., Kenelly, I., and Ward, K. ìRevisiting the Gender, Marriage, and Parenthood Puzzle in Scientific Careers.” Women’s Studies Quarterly 29 (Spring/summer 2000): pp. 62-85
80 Llewellyn, D., Usselman, M., and Brown, A. ì Institutional Self-Assessments as Change Agents: Georgia Tech’s Two Year Experience.” Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition, Session 2592.
81 Long, J.S., Allison, P., and McGinnins, R. ìRank Advancement in Academic Careers: Sex Differences and the effects of Productivity.” American Sociological Review 58 (1995): pp. 45-71.
82 Merton, Robert K. ìThe Normative Structures of Science.” In The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
83 Pearson, Willie and Fetcher, Alan, eds. Who Will Do Science? Educating the Next Generation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
84 Pheterson, G.T., Kiesler, S.B., Goldberg, and P.A.† "Evaluation of
the Performance of Women as a Function of their Sex, Achievement, and
Personal History." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 19
(1971): pp. 110-114.
85 Raabe, Phyllis Hutton. ìWork-Family Policies for Faculty.” In
Academic Couples: Problems and Promises. Edited by M.A. Ferber and J.W.
Loeb. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
86 Rayman, Paula and Stewart, Julie Pearson. ìReaching for Success in Science: Women’s Uneven Journey.” The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 869 (1999): pp. 58-65.
87 Reskin, Barbara. ìSex Differentiation and the Social Organization of Science.” Sociological Inquiry 48 (1978): pp. 491-504.
88 Rosser, Sue V. (ed.) Building Inclusive Science (vol. 28, Women’s Studies Quarterly), New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2000.
89 Rosser, Sue V. and Zieseniss, Mirellie. ìCareer Issues and Laboratory Climates: Different Challenges and Opportunities of Women Engineers and Scientists.” Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 6 (2000): pp. 1-20.
90 Rosser, Sue V. ìBalancing: Survey of Fiscal Year 1997, 1998, 1999 POWRE Awardees.” Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 7(2001): pp. 1-11.
91 Rossiter, Margaret. Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
92 Rossiter, Margaret. Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action, 1940-1972. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
93 Sonnert, Gerhard. ìWomen in Science and Engineering.” The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 869 (1999): pp. 34-57.
94 Sonnert, Gerhard and Holton, Gerald. Gender Differences in Science Careers. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1995.
95 Wulf, William. ìThe Declining Percentage of Women in Computer
Science: An Academic View.” Who Will Do the Science of the Future?
Washington D.C: National Academy Press, 2001.
Key to citations:
“ …” = articles and essays
italics = Journals, periodicals
underline = monograph
Cultural Biases- potential areas of discrimination introduced into academia from society at large
01 Defining Diversity in Academia. (2000). Retrieved October 26, 2003,
from Louisiana State University, Department of Academic Affairs Web
site:
http://aaweb.lsu.edu/pseminar/seminar/defining_diversity_in_academia.htm
Lists and defines the different types of diversity related to academia.
Keywords: diversity, affirmative action
02 Mannix. Margaret (2002). “Who’s Missing in the Faculty Club?” ASEE Prism, 12.
Addresses how to attract minority candidates in terms of atmosphere, opportunities, and rewards.
Keywords: minority, international, reputation, employment practices
83 Pearson, Willie and Fetcher, Alan, Eds. (1994). Who Will Do Science?
Educating the Next Generation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press.
Collection of articles about the future of science and the future
demographics of its practitioners. Includes articles about
contributions of black scientists, barriers to women scientists, and a
discussion of who future scientists will be.
Keywords: black scientists, women in science, future of science, trends in science
Gender
03 Glazer-Raymo, Judith. (1999). Shattering The Myths: Women in Academe. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Utilizes a critical feminist perspective to assess the progress of
women in higher education since the 1970s. Contrasts activism of 1970s,
passivity of 1980s, and ambivalence towards feminism demonstrated in
1990s. Argues changes were brought about by external forces,
generational differences among women, and by intellectual and
ideological struggles within the women’s movement and the larger
academic culture. Provides data on women’s rank, salary, employment
status, and education and draws upon the actual professional
experiences of women faculty and administrators within higher
education.
Keywords: progress, critical feminist perspective, advancement in
higher education, activism, passivity, ambivalence towards feminism,
generational differences, intellectual and ideological struggles
04 National Research Council. (2001). From Scarcity to Visibility:
Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Examines the issue of gender differences in the careers of doctoral
scientists and engineers, documenting both the representation of women
in science and engineering and in the characteristics of women
scientists and engineers. In the life and social sciences, the number
of women receiving bachelor’s degrees equals or exceeds the number of
men. However, women continue to be underrepresented as professors and
elsewhere in the higher levels of science and engineering. Notes that
educational background of parents has a strong impact upon the
educational outcomes of young women.
Keywords: gender differences, career outcomes, labor force participation, research productivity, salary differences
05 Hopkins, Nancy. (1999) MIT and Gender Bias: Following up on Victory.
The Chronicle of Higher Education, 45. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v45/i40/40b00401.htm
Summarizes response to MIT gender discrimination report, including
denial of discrimination among some departments. Discusses difficulties
in recognizing and confronting unconscious bias.
Keywords: Unconscious bias, gender bias, departmental policy, normative stereotypes
06 Kazak, Don. (1999, February 5). STANFORD: Feds investigate gender
bias complaints. Palo Alto Weekly Online Edition. Retrieved October 26,
2003, from www.paweekly.com/paw/morgue/news/1999_Feb_5.GENDER.html
Department of Labor investigates Stanford, a Federal contractor, on the
basis of complaints made by 15 women who were allegedly terminated or
not promoted because of gender bias.
Keywords: Gender bias, promotion, termination, tenure
07 Santora, Cathleen Curry. (2003, April 18) Preventative Law: How
Colleges Can Avoid Legal Problems. The Chronicle of Higher Education,
49. Retrieved October 26, 2003 from
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/i32/32b02001.htm
Suggests how to avoiding or soften effects of gender discrimination and litigation.
Keywords: legal planning, preventive law, conflict resolution, grievance, appeal, tenure, mediation
08 Williams, Joan. (2002, June 17). How Academe Treats Mothers. The
Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network. Retrieved October 26,
2003, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/2002/06/2002061701c.htm
Describes the attribution of a supportive role to women in academia.
Explores possible basis in cognitive bias. Highlights culturally held
tensions between motherhood and career. Provides recommendations for
addressing these tensions within academia.
Keywords: Family policies, gender bias, cognitive bias, training, scenario, litigation
09 Long, J. Scott and Fox, Mary Frank. (1995) Scientific Careers:
Universalism and Particularism. Annual Review of Sociology, 21, 45-71.
Depicts the career attainments of women and minorities in science and
considers the meaning and measurement of universalism (assessment that
is not influenced by personal and social attributes of the scientist)
and particularism (use of “functionally irrelevant characteristics,”
such as gender and race in allocating rewards in science). Analyzes
causes of different levels of attainment in science, by gender and race
and proposes the conditions under which particularism (bias) is likely
to occur.
Keywords: gender; race; careers; equity and inequity; bias
10 Fox, Mary Frank and Ferri, Vincent. (1992, September) Women, Men and
Their Attributions for Success in Academe. Social Psychology Quarterly,
55, 257-271.
Uses data from a national survey of academics in four fields to analyze
the way that explanations of success vary between academic women and
men. Addresses the significance of attributions of success as they
relate to equal opportunity policies and solutions to increase rates of
faculty members’ success.
Keywords: gender, explanations for success, social locations and conditions
11 Fox, Mary Frank. (1996). Women, Academia, and Careers in Science and
Engineering. In C.S. Davis, A. Ginorio, C. Hollenshead, B. Lazarus, and
P. Rayman (Eds.), The Equity Equation: Fostering the Advancement of
Women in the Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering (pp. 265-289). San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Analyzes indicators of women’s career attainments in academic science,
addresses factors accounting for women’s career attainments, and
proposes prospects and policy for success for women in academic science
and engineering.
Keywords: gender, women, science, engineering, careers, attainments, policy
75 Cole, Jonathan R. (1979). Fair Science: Women in the Scientific Community. New York: Free Press.
Discusses the problems of trying to measure discrimination in science
careers and historical trends for women in science careers. Author
focuses on issues of reputation and recognition to determine
inequalities in academia, and examines the relationship between
measured intelligence and academic achievement.
Keywords: women, science, intelligence, measuring inquity, equity, history of women in science
89 Rosser, Sue V. and Zieseniss, Mirellie. (2000). “Career Issues and
Laboratory Climates: Different Challenges and Opportunities of Women
Engineers and Scientists.” Journal of Women and Minorities in Science
and Engineering 6: pp. 1-20.
Explains how environmental factors contribute to whether different
disciplines of science and engineering are female-friendly and
correlates this to the large discrepancies in the numbers of women in
social science versus women in hard sciences. Author surveyed women in
science and engineering who had received NSF POWRE (Professional
Opportunities for Women in Research and Education) awards in 1997 and
then contrasted the responses of the scientists and engineers to
determine what sorts of problems face each group. Both groups of women
named balancing work and family as the most difficult issue to resolve
in their lives, while there were also some differences in other issues
listed by the two groups.
Keywords: balancing work and family, career obstacles, environmental
factors and career, contrasting scientists and engineers, differences
between science and engineering careers
90 Rosser, Sue V. (2001). “Balancing: Survey of Fiscal Year 1997, 1998,
1999 POWRE Awardees.” Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and
Engineering 7: pp. 1-11.
Suggests that efforts must be made to attract women toward degrees in
science and engineering because job growth in those sectors is expected
to increase dramatically between 1998 and 2008, and women scientists
and engineers will be key for maintaining a critical mass of workers.
Author surveyed NSF POWRE (Professional Opportunities for Women in
Research and Education) awardees for three years to determine what
obstacles face women pursuing science and engineering careers.
Keywords: careers in science and engineering, women in science and engineering, NSF awardees, job growth
91 Rossiter, Margaret. (1982). Women Scientists in America: Struggles
and Strategies to 1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Chronicles the experiences of real women scientists. Tells of women
scientist’s educational and workplace experiences prior to 1940
including women’s struggles to be accepted as bona fide scientists in
their own right.
Keywords: women scientists, history of science, women’s history, early science, Marie Curie
92 Rossiter, Margaret. (1995). Women Scientists in America: Before
Affirmative Action, 1940-1972. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press.
Chronicles the experiences of women scientists in America from WWII era
until affirmative action. Includes discussion of women scientist’s
experiences in academia as well as in the corporate workplace and tells
how WWII affected women’s experiences as professionals.
Keywords: World War II, women scientists, history of science, women’s history
Race & Ethnicity
12 McIntosh, Peggy. (1988). White Privilege and Male Privilege: A
Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in
Women’s Studies. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/res_colleges/socjust/Readings/McIntosh.html
Explores common themes of privilege and difference bestowed by biased cultural trajectories on women and minorities.
Keywords: gender bias, racial bias, ethnic bias, normative stereotypes
13 Golden, Marita. (2002, October). White Women at Work. Essence, 190-198.
Explains how to handle black females’ challenges in the corporate world
through the perspectives of seven successful black women.
Keywords: racism, invisibility, double standard, mentor, sexism, glass ceiling
14 Malveaux, Julianne. (2003, January). The Many Faces of Bias. Black Issues in Higher Education.
Reacts to discrimination at the Augusta National Golf Club by stating
that the white male patriarchy is an enemy of women and African
Americans.
Keywords: separatism, exclusion, bias, race
15 Randall, Vernellia R. (1997). Two Black Women Talking about the
Promotion, Retention, and Tenure Process. In L. Benjamin (Ed.), Black
Women in the Academy: Promises and Perils. (pp. 213-226, 219-223).
Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
Discusses bias and discrimination during a promotion and tenure process
where African Americans are viewed as being incompetent and
under-qualified due to race. States that racism and bias should not be
tolerated.
Keywords: race, bias, committee, promotion, tenure, retention
16 Jayate, Satyame E. (2002, November 26). Racism on the Tenure Track.
The Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network. Retrieved October
26, 2003, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/2002/11/2002112601c.htm
Relates the personal experience of a professor who was discriminated
against, fired, and forced to resign based on his race. Advises caution
in choosing tenure-track jobs. Recommends documentation of
institutional actions.
Keywords: racial discrimination, diversity
17 Nettles, Michael T., Perna, Laura W., and Bradburn, Ellen M. (2000,
Summer). Salary, Promotion, and Tenure Status of Minority and Women
Faculty in U.S. Colleges and Universities. Education Statistics
Quarterly, 1-5.
Examines differences among postsecondary faculty members according to
gender and race/ethnicity. Makes comparisons on several human capital
variables (e.g. education and experience), structural variables (e.g.
academic discipline and institution type), as well as faculty outcomes
(e.g. salary, tenure, and rank).
Keywords: promotion and tenure, salary and evaluation, gender and race
differences, human capital differences, structural factor differences
Age
Religion
18 Sugg, John. (2002, February 20). The College of Law(suits). Creative Loafing: Atlanta Edition.
Discusses discrimination litigation concerning Kennesaw State
University and former employee Paul Lapides, who claimed discrimination
due to Jewish heritage.
Keywords: discrimination lawsuit, anti-Semitism
19 Walker, Graham. (1996, September 17). Speaking Out: Reflections on a
Tenure Denial. University of Pennsylvania: Almanac, 43-4.
Letter written by tenure candidate who was denied tenure due to his
religious views. Describes professor’s experiences with discrimination.
Keywords: religious discrimination, tenure
Health
Disability
Family Issues
20 Hochschild, Arlie R. and Machung, Anne. (2003). The Second Shift. New York, NY: Penguin Group, Inc.
Discusses the household workload of a working mother and how
responsibility is or is not being shared in dual-career households.
Analyzes how this “domestic bind” affects both spouses and their
careers.
Keywords: Gender, informal rewards, equity and inequity
21 Woolston, Chris. (2001, October 22). The Gender Gap in Science. The
Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network. Retrieved October 26,
2003, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/2001/10/2001102201c.htm
Reviews cases, causes, and suggested remedies for gender discrimination
in the sciences and explores socio-cultural economic basis of
discrimination.
Keywords: gender roles, gender bias, normative stereotypes, family, parenting
22 Williams, Joan. (2000). Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work
Conflict and What To Do About It. New York: Oxford University Press,
Inc.
Outlines a new vision of workplaces focusing on the needs of families.
Recognizes value of family work in divorce cases. Notes workplaces are
designed around life patterns of men producing discriminatory effects
for women. Argues the resulting work/family system is bad for men,
worse for women, and the worst for children. Presents practical
policies and legal initiatives to reorganize employment settings and
households. Presents as a solution an “inclusive family-friendly
feminism” that supports both men and women as caregivers and workers.
Keywords: family and work conflict, workplace structure and
organization, male life patters, reconstructive feminism, class
conflicts, race conflicts, gender conflicts
23 Watanabe, Myrna. (2002, April 1) Scientist Couples Do the Two-Job
Shuffle. The Scientist, 16. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/apr/prof1_020401.html
Provides examples of how international dual-scientist families sacrifice proximity for career.
Keywords: family policies, spousal hiring, tenure-track
24 Fogg, Piper. (2003, June 13). Family Time: Why Some Women Quit Their
Coveted Tenure-Track Jobs. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 49.
Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v49/i40/40a01001.htm
Recounts a single mother’s struggle toward her eventual rejection of the heavy demands of academia.
Keywords: research, publishing, family policies, motherhood, parenting, workload
25 Steele, Ann. (2003, July 7). Giving Birth in Graduate School. The
Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network. Retrieved October 26,
2003, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/2003/07/2003070701c.htm
Describes stress, choices, and tradeoffs accompanying childbirth while in an academic career.
Keywords: family, motherhood, parenting, non-tenure track, gender bias
79 Grant, L., Kennelly, I., and Ward, K.B. (2000) “Revisiting the
Gender, Marriage, and Parenthood Puzzle in Scientific Careers.” Women’s
Studies Quarterly 28: pp. 62-85.
Investigates why studies showing no decrease in productivity for
scientists who are also mothers vary so much from women’s actual
experiences. Researchers used interviews to get information about the
decisions about family that scientists make, and how these affect
science careers.
Keywords: gender, marriage, parenthood, careers
85 Raabe, Phyllis Hutton. (1997). “Work-Family Policies for Faculty.”
In M.A. Ferber and J.W. Loeb (Eds.) Academic Couples: Problems and
Promises. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
Article addresses what can be done to make academia a more
family-friendly environment, including recommendations for on-campus
childcare facilities and more flexible work schedules. Author also
discusses a survey implemented to determine the availability of
work/family-friendly policies at different types of universities, and
how often such policies are utilized by faculty.
Keywords: work and family, dual-career couples, family and academia, childcare, academic couples, support programs
Spousal Hire
26 Gilbey, Elizabeth. (2002, December 9). A Trailing Spouse Finds Her
Way. The Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network. Retrieved
October 26, 2003, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/2002/12/2002120901c.htm
Describes the expected subordinate role projected onto women by
personnel at the institute where the author’s husband recently received
a tenure-track job.
Keywords: family policies, family, spousal hire, dual career
27 Mason, Mary Ann and Goulden, Marc. (2002, November/December). Do
Babies Matter? The Effect of Family Formation on the Lifelong Careers
of Academic Men and Women. Academe, 88. Retrieved October 26, 2003,
from http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/02nd/02ndmas.htm
Notes that despite increased number of women in graduate schools, the
percentage of women faculty has remained constant since 1975.
Hypothesizes that this is due to family policies inconsistent with the
demands of motherhood.
Keywords: family policies, motherhood, parenting, workload, non tenure-track
Professional Climate- potential areas of discrimination manifest within
professional culture or culture of the home unit or both.
28 The University of Pennsylvania Gender Equity Committee. (2001,
December 4). The Gender Equity Report. The University of Pennsylvania
Almanac, 48. http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v48/n14/GenderEquity.html
Finds that the number of women faculty is commensurate with the number
of women in the PhD pool, but men are over-represented in higher
academic ranks.
Keywords: resource allocation, adjunct faculty, lecturer, non
tenure-track, satisfaction/perception survey, recruiting, retention
94 Sonnert, Gerhard and Holton, Gerald. (1995). Gender Differences in
Science Careers. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Summarizes the results of a study done to evaluate gender differences
in science careers from the standpoint of women as "strangers" in
science. Concludes that women scientists have gained much in the past
few decades, and also finds that field affects women's experiences in
science careers. Finds that women still face obstacles that men do not,
but these obstacles are less pervasive and obvious than they once were.
keywords: gender, science, careers, glass ceiling
Collegiality
29 Singer, Michelle. (2002, November 20). Collegiality and the Weasel
Clause. The Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network.
http://chronicle.com/jobs/2002/11/2002112001c.htm
Describes the process of being denied tenure on subjective, unspecified
grounds, and describes the appeal process, job search, and adjunct work
that follows.
Keywords: collegiality, subjectivity, loophole, professional standards
30 Fox, Mary Frank. (1991). Gender, Environmental Milieu, and
Productivity in Science. In H. Zuckerman, J. Cole and J. Bruer (Eds.),
The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community (pp. 188-204). New
York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Addresses the relationship between gender, productivity in science, and
social/organizational environments of academic departments,
institutions, and communities. Analyzes the ways organizational
signals, resources, evaluative and reward schemes, and networks of
communication and exchange affect outcomes of participation and
performance for women and men in science.
Keywords: gender, work climate, collegial interaction, evaluation, productivity, performance
Recognition
31 Evetts, Julia. (1996). Gender and Career in Science and Engineering. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
Discusses how professional identities frequently incorporate gender
(ie. women scientist), and how workplace cultures in science and
engineering are built on this distinction.
Keywords: workplace culture, professional identity, gender identity
81 Long, J.S., Allison, P., and McGinnins, R. (1995). “Rank Advancement
in Academic Careers: Sex Differences and the effects of Productivity.”
American Sociological Review 58: pp. 45-71.
Analyzes the careers of academic scientists in terms of promotion and
tenure. Investigates why women advance at a slower pace and what this
means for women scientists.
Keywords: sociology of science, women in science, promotion and tenure, gender and science
84 Pheterson, G.T., Kiesler, S.B., and Goldberg, P.A. (1971).
"Evaluation of the Performance of Women as a Function of their Sex,
Achievement, and Personal History." Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 19: pp. 110-114.
Investigates the undervaluing of work done by women as compared to men.
Authors conducted an experiment that revealed bias against women by
asking participants to evaluate a painting after being told it was
painted by either a man or a woman.
Keywords: psychology, performance bias
86 Rayman, Paula and Stewart, Julie Pearson. (1999). “Reaching for
Success in Science: Women’s Uneven Journey.” The Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences 869: pp. 58-65.
Reviews women’s experiences in sciences and engineering over the last
few decades, highlighting progress as well as setbacks in the fight for
equal opportunities.
Keywords: history of women in science, progress of women scientists, equal opportunities, history of women in engineering
Informal Rewards
Informal Mentoring
32 Park, Paula. (2001, June 25). Of Mentors, Women, and Men. The Scientist, 15, 32.
Relates the struggles of a woman scientist with a promising career in
academia in an environment dominated by male personalities.
Keywords: mentor, mentoring, academic culture, family, parenting
33 Fox, Mary Frank. (2000, Spring/Summer). Organizational Environments
and Doctoral Degrees Awarded to Women in Science and Engineering
Departments. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 28, 47-61.
Examines organizational environments in science and engineering
departments and their impact on women. Notes conceptions of a good
environment may differ by category of department. Indicates many survey
respondents believe strong faculty-student and advisor-advisee
interaction foster good environments for women.
Keywords: teaching, retention of graduate students, organizational
environments, gender equity, guidelines, sufficiency of doctoral work
34 Rosser, Sue V. (1997). Re-engineering Female Friendly Science. New York: Teachers College Press.
Examines how faculty at women’s colleges can encourage students to
persist when faced with the realities of coeducational science. Notes
the need for additional research data, offering suggestions applicable
to graduate school years and undergraduate years at women’s colleges.
Presents critical measures for retention of female undergraduate and
graduate students, including women in science support groups and
affiliating with women’s studies programs.
Keywords: teaching, retention of female undergraduate and graduate
students, single-sex colleges, coeducational science, women’s science
support groups, women’s studies programs
35 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resource Studies.
(1996). Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and
Engineering: 1996. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf96311/start.htm
Examines reasons women and underrepresented minorities find few role
models in science and engineering fields. Indicates causes women and
underrepresented minorities often drop out of science and engineering
undergraduate programs.
Keywords: retention of female students, academic role models, persistence, attrition rates
Interaction
36 Barker, Kathy. (2002, May 13). Fine Tuning. The Scientist, 16, 58.
Reviews gender stereotypes associated with communication and work.
Suggests techniques for recognizing potentially discriminatory
practices.
Keywords: recognizing gender bias, subconscious discrimination, communication styles
37 Bergvall, Victoria, Sorbey, Sheryl, and Worthen, James B. (1994).
Thawing the Freezing Climate for Women in Engineering: Views From Both
Sides of The Desk. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and
Engineering, 1, 323-346.
Introduces types of gendered learning styles and recommends changes in
current engineering curriculum to attract and retain women.
Keywords: isolation, education, workload, engineering, family
38 Valian, Virginia. (1998). Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Discusses evaluation in chapter 7, "Evaluating Men and Women,"
including perceptions of leadership, competence, assertiveness.
Discusses the costs for a woman of being masculine and of being
perceived as feminine.
Keywords: gender, evaluation, professional competence
Hierarchy
39 Subramaniam, Banu. (2000). Snow Brown and the Seven Detergents: A
Metanarrative on Science and the Scientific Method. Women’s Studies
Quarterly, 28, 296-304.
Fictionalizes a woman’s experience in higher education. Illustrates how
an educational system pressures individuals to conform and neglect
characteristics that contribute to his or her individuality. Draws
attention to the primarily white, male, patriarchal structure of higher
education.
Keywords: culture, justice and injustice, ethics, hierarchy,
intimidation, recognition, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, family
issues
40 Fox, Mary Frank. (1999). Gender, Hierarchy, and Science. In J.S.
Chafetz (Ed.), Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (pp. 441-457). New
York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Analyzes gender stratification operating in attainments within and
constraints upon participation, performance, and rewards in scientific
careers. Analyzes arguments about the construction of scientific
knowledge.
Keywords: gender, women, science, engineering, careers, participation, performance, rewards
41 Merton, Robert K. (1973). The Matthew Effect in Science. In The
Sociology of Science (pp. 439-459). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
Proposes the "Matthew Effect," whereby the accrual of greater
recognition to scientific contributions goes to those with already
considerable reputation, and less recognition goes to those with lesser
reputation. The effect is hypothesized to apply especially in cases of
collaboration and multiple discoveries among those of unequal rank.
Keywords: rewards, evaluation, reputation, rank, advantage, disadvantage
Intimidation
42 Steinpreis, Rhea. (2001). Studies Confirm Faculty’s Unconscious
Gender Bias. Kansas State University Office of Academic Services.
Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
www.k-state/academicservices/equitytoolkit/articles/articlef.htm
Describes how identical curriculum vitae sent to randomly selected
psychology faculty nationwide reveal bias favoring male name on
Curriculum Vitae. Indicates results of research within fields, noting
reprisals for departments following recommendations for correction of
gender bias.
Keywords: gender bias, hiring, retaliation, advising, sexism
43 Godfrey, Elizabeth. (2001). Defining Culture: The Way We Do Things
Around Here. Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering
Education Annual Conference & Exposition. Retrieved October 26,
2003, from
http://216.239.39.104/search?q=cache:Q_ASIM_83IEJ:www.asee.org/conferences/search/00200_2001.pdf+"elizabeth+godfrey"+asee&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
Accounts of engineering school culture as observed through material
culture (buildings, clothing, furniture, and spatial relations) and
interactions at a large New Zealand University.
Keywords: sink or swim, symbolic artifacts, core beliefs, efficiency, cultural norms, engineering exceptionalism
Interdisciplinarity
44 Lattica, Lisa R. (2001). Creating Interdisciplinarity:
Interdisciplinary Research and Teaching Among College and University
Faculty. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
Presents theory of interdisciplinarity. Collects interviews with
faculty engaged in interdisciplinary scholarship. Clarifies term by
focusing on the nature of inquiry behind the work. Offers useful
suggestions for individuals concerned with the evaluation of faculty
scholarship.
Keywords: interdisciplinary research and teaching, institutional context, departmental context, disciplinary context
46 Russo, Eugene. (2003, June 30). Team Work: Group examines
professional pitfalls created by participating in large
interdisciplinary projects. The Scientist, 17.
Addresses problems of participation in interdisciplinary projects
including competition, promotion, grant money distribution, and
recognition. Makes recommendations for improvement for future projects.
Keywords: team science, interdisciplinary, infrastructure, resources, integration
47 Bahls, Christine and Schachter, Beth. (2002, March 4).
Interdisciplinary Research Gets Formal: Casual chats in the hallway
turn into collaborative efforts in the lab. The Scientist, 16[5], 17.
Describes how interdisciplinary research is changing from an informal
to a formal, organized process. Explains why interdisciplinary research
has become more prominent and aspects of successful interdisciplinary
research.
Keywords: interdisciplinary research, informal/formal, holistic, tools,
communicate
48 Brainard, Jeffrey. (2002, June 14). U.S. Agencies Look to
Interdisciplinary Science: Research centers receive more support, and
peer-review process receives more scrutiny. The Chronicle of Higher
Education: Government and Politics, p. A20.
Describes how universities such as Arizona State are adapting to
interdisciplinary research in science. Addresses obstacles, payoffs,
and what can be done at the campus and federal levels along with what
has been achieved so far.
Keywords: collaboration, interdisciplinary research, bias, diversify, funding
49 Burnett, Rebecca E. and Ewald, Helen Rothschild. (1994). Rabbit
Trails, Ephemera, and Other Stories: Feminist Methodology and
Collaborative Research. JAC, 14[1].
Analyzes through self-reflective critique the connections between
feminist methodology and collaborative research to find areas of
conflict in the formation and function of collaborative research groups.
Keywords: collaboration, conflict, feminist methodology, authority, patriarchy, perceptions, working style
Collaboration
50 Galegher, Jolene, Kraut, Robert E., and Edigo, Carmen. (1990).
Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of
Cooperative Work. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Discusses the social and organizational phenomena resulting from work
that is done in groups. Exposes problems causing inefficient aspects of
teamwork. Describes information technology created by teams and how it
developed to improve on such practices.
Keywords: Communication, collaboration, teamwork, collegiality, interaction, interdisciplinarity.
51 Burnett, Rebecca E. (1992). Conflict in Collaborative
Decision-Making. In Nancey Roundy Blyer and Charlotte Thralls (Eds.),
Professional Communication: The Social Perspective (pp. 144-162).
Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Characterizes collaboration as a complex problem-seeking and
decision-making activity. Argues that decision-making is more
productive if co-authors engage in “substantive conflict.” Proposes
that substantive conflict is critical in deferring inappropriate
consensus. Suggests collaborators should pose alternatives and voice
explicit disagreements about both content and rhetorical elements.
Keywords: collaborative decision-making, substantive conflict, disciplinary perceptions
Funding types
Funding Quantity
Ethics
52 The American Political Science Association. (2003). Ethics in Tenure
and Promotion. In A Guide To Professional Ethics in Political Science
(section G). Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://www.apsanet.org/pubs/ethics.cfm
Presents guidelines for ethical procedure and practice during tenure review.
Keywords: external review, procedure, guidelines, criteria, tenure process
Organizational challenges- Unit-level manifestations of biases that help perpetuate discrimination
54 Frost, Peter J. and Taylor, M. Susan. (1996). Rhythms of Academic
Life: Personal Accounts of Careers in Academia. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications, Inc.
Surveys important topics relevant to academia (e.g. publishing,
research, teaching, pedagogy, teamwork, sabbaticals, and tenure).
Presents articles written by a diverse collection of scholars,
providing rich accounts of unique academic journeys. Describes the
experiences of scholars in different roles and transition points.
Provides guidelines to assist others in making informed choices.
Keywords: promotion and tenure, faculty development, narratives,
teaching, research, service, pedagogy; teamwork, academic sabbaticals
77 Fox, Mary Frank. (2003). "Gender, Faculty, and Doctoral Education in
Science and Engineering." In L. Hornig (Ed.) Equal Rites, Unequal
Outcomes: Women in American Research Universities (pp. 91-109). New
York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Based upon data from a national sample of faculty in doctoral granting
departments of computer science, chemistry, electrical engineering,
microbiology, and physics. Analyzes patterns of women and men faculty
in: 1) gender composition of advisees and research team members; 2)
nature/characteristics of their interaction with advisees; and 3) their
beliefs about what is important in doctoral education for female
compared to male students in science and engineering.
Keywords: gender, faculty, graduate students, graduate education, advisors, advisees, research teams
82 Merton, Robert K. (1973). “The Normative Structures of Science.” In
The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chapter analyzes the definition and sociology of scientific practice.
Keywords: sociology of science, defining science, norms beliefs, standards
Resource distribution:
55 Wilson, Robin. (1999, December 3). An MIT Professor’s Suspicion of
Bias Leads to a New Movement for Academic Women. The Chronicle of
Higher Education, 46. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v46/i15/15a00101.htm
Explains Dr. Nancy Hopkins’ role in prompting a review of departmental gender bias among institutions of higher learning.
Keywords: unconscious discrimination, resource allocation, isolation, alienation, decision making
56 Smallwood, Scott. (2002, April 5). Women Still Feel Marginalized at MIT. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 48, p. A9.
Summarizes MIT reports describing forms of overt discrimination such as
wage and resource allocation inequity, as well as more subtle forms of
discrimination.
Keywords: wage discrimination, resource allocation, marginalization, decision making, empowerment, access, belonging
Space
57 Wilson, Robin and Fogg, Piper. (2003, January 10). Half a Million
Reasons to Leave Harvard; Support for Sex-Bias Suit Against Columbia.
The Chronicle of Higher Education, 49. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/i18/18a00701.htm.
Tells the story of Graciela Chichilnisky, who won a 1991 wage
discrimination suit against Columbia. States Columbia is now
retaliating by denying adequate office space and trying to get rid of
her UNESCO chair.
Keywords: wage and gender bias, retaliation, resource allocation
Equipment
Research Funding
Grad Students
78 Fox, Mary Frank. (October 2002). “Women in Science and Academia:
Graduate Education and Careers.” Gender & Society 15: pp. 654-666.
Keywords: gender, science, graduate education, careers
Article focuses upon these questions: What is the status of women in
scientific careers and the role of graduate education in these careers?
What are the implications for the analysis of gender? Where can we
intervene and how?
Evaluation procedure: possibilities for discrimination occur at every
level of the promotion and tenure process- Home Unit, School, and
University
58 Getman, Julius. (1992). In the Company of Scholars: The Struggle for
the Soul of Higher Education. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Addresses on pages 109-129 “Tenure, Peer Review, Excellence, and
Injustice.” Discusses the basic concepts behind peer review and the
ways in which they may falter- with implications for the “soul of the
academy.”
Keywords: tenure, peer review, justice and injustice
59 Barron, Dennis. (2002, September). Getting Promoted. The Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network, 1-5.
Offers subjective observations and interpretations of how promotions
occur using the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a case
study. Notes the emotional toll the process takes on junior faculty
members.
Keywords: promotion and tenure, preparing curriculum vita (cv)s, teaching and research, external reviewers
60 Nieva, Veronica and Gutek, Barbara. (1980). Sex Differences in Evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 5, 267-276.
Reviews research on evaluation of qualifications and performance of men
and women, and research on explanations/causes of performance. Most
research shows "pro-male bias" in evaluation.
Keywords: gender, performance, evaluation, bias
Accountancy for qualitative judgment of scholarship
61 Barron, Dennis. (2003, January). External Reviewers. The Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network, 1-5.
Illustrates the tenure process from a department’s point of view with
references to the recent tenuring of a female faculty member. Focuses
upon the impact of external reviewers and particularly on how tenure
committees respond to external review letters when assessing a
candidate’s scholarship.
Keywords: promotion and tenure process, letters of reference, external reviewers, evaluation of scholarship, tenure committees
62 Allen, Henry Lee. (2001). Workload and Tenure Policies In an Era of
Organizational Change. The NEA Almanac of Higher Education.
States most studies of workload and productivity target items under the
immediate control of professors while avoiding analysis of
institutional forces affecting faculty decisions, priorities, or
behaviors. Claims factors such as recruitment, search and selection
patterns, mentoring, sponsorship, and social networking are ignored
along with the effects environmental and organizational influences have
upon academic careers. Suggests making valid inferences about the
social behaviors of groups or individuals requires examining the
individual, structural, organizational, and systemic parameters of an
academic system.
Keywords: workload policies and tenure, institutional forces,
contextual factors, individual contours, structural contours,
organizational contours, systemic contours
63 Letters to the Editor. (2002, April 5). Collecting Letters of
Recommendation: Can This Process Be Saved? The Chronicle of Higher
Education, 48, 1-4. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v48/i30/30b00402.htm
Examines the integrity of evaluation process for first appointments and
for promotion or tenure. Highlights corrupt aspects of the process; for
example how letters are made available to candidates, leaving the
author open to retribution or legal action. Suggests improving the
integrity of the system by financially compensating individuals asked
to write recommendations.
Keywords: promotion and tenure, letters of reference, integrity of process, corrupting forces, financial compensation
64 Fish, Stanley. (2002, September 13). Somebody Back There Didn’t Like
Me. The Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network. Retrieved
October 26, 2003, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/2002/09/2002091301c.htm
Discusses how the tenure process is open to opinion based on
subjective, non-professional categories that can haunt the career of a
failed tenure candidate. Suggests remedies for problems of personality
encroaching on tenure process.
Keywords: explicit procedure, explicit requirements, voting guidelines, annual review, mentoring, intellectual responsibility
65 Lamberti, Andrea. (1990, September 14). Group studies bias case. The
Tech. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://www-tech.mit.edu/V110/N34/kalonj.34n.html
Details the appeal of tenure review committee decision on Gretchen
Kolanji. Suggests the tenure process improperly took political
activities and gender into account.
Keywords: gender bias, tenure process, tenure appeal, inexact procedure
Teaching workload – departmental structural bias
66 Brehm, Denise. (2002, December 4). Some faculty dissatisfied with
quality of life at MIT. TechTalk. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/2002/dec04/facmeet.html
States that 41% of women faculty and 36% of men faculty are
dissatisfied with MIT. Reports that 75% of respondents say that no
matter how hard they work, they cannot get everything done. States 63%
work more than 60 hours per week under intense pressure to publish.
Keywords: workload, publish or perish, family, research, teaching, quality of life, parenting
Service workload – committee, service, organizer
67 Evans, Catherine. (2003, April 4). Giving Up a Good Thing. The
Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network.
http://chronicle.com/jobs/2003/04/2003040401c.htm
Discusses how pressures to research and publish conflict with family,
service, and teaching. Rejects unrealistic demands of academia.
Keywords: service workload, teaching workload, collaboration, family,
parenting, publish or perish, qualitative research, teaching appraisal
and tenure
Valuation of criteria for advancement - teaching vs. service vs. research
68 Linse, Angela R. (2002, November). Student Ratings of Women Faculty:
Data and Strategies. Seattle, WA: Center for Engineering Learning and
Teaching and Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education, 1-6.
Lists concerns of women faculty from SEM disciplines about student
ratings. Presents research findings about effects of instructor gender
on student ratings of teaching. Suggests responses to suspicions of
gender bias. Finds male and female faculty are concerned with how
student ratings are interpreted and used by peers and administrators
since at many institutions student evaluations are the only measure of
teaching effectiveness included in tenure and promotion decisions.
Keywords: student perspectives, faculty authority and credibility,
student expectations, contact and accessibility, teaching
effectiveness, tenure and promotion
69 Tierney, William G. (1998). The Responsive University: Restructuring
for High Performance. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University
Press.
Examines the importance of widening the definition of scholarship.
Shows that officials at many institutions do not readily find consensus
on matters pertaining to reward structure. Suggests that campuses have
a long way to go before they show that other forms of scholarship are
accorded value equal to traditional research. Notes that institutions
have begun enhancing rewards for teaching, which the author considers a
notable beginning for institutions pursuing a more balanced definition
of scholarship.
Keywords: promotion and tenure, evaluating faculty performance,
definition of scholarship, reward structure, social partnerships,
restructuring
70 Fox, Mary Frank. (1985). Publication, Performance, and Rewards in
Science and Scholarship. In J. Smart (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook
of Theory and Research (pp. 255-282). New York, NY: Agathon Press, Inc.
Addresses the reward structure of science and academia, with principles
of reward based upon "achievement", variable performance levels in
publication, and explanations of different levels of performance.
Includes descriptions of implications and recommendations improving for
equity and performance.
Keywords: performance; publication; rewards; equity and inequity.
Inappropriate discourse – gossip, rumor
Unspecified evaluation procedure – committee selection, external references, weight of criteria
71 Barron, Dennis. (2001, April). What It’s Like to Be Denied Tenure. The Chronicle of Higher Education: Career Network, 1-4.
Illustrates the impact of being denied tenure. Emphasizes that most
tenure cases fall into a gray area in which serious arguments can be
made either way about the outcome of a case. Shows that there are
structured and arbitrary factors that have little connection to
individual merit influencing tenure outcomes.
Keywords: promotion and tenure; individual merit; ideology of meritocracy; structural factors; arbitrary factors.
73 Campi, Esther. (2002, March 8). Former IC prof sues for tenure
denial. The Ithaca Journal. Retrieved October 26, 2003, from
www.theithacajournal.com/news/stories/20020308/localregional/1782584.html
Tells the story of a former Ithaca College journalism professor denied tenure because of gender-biased student comments.
Keywords: Tenure process, teaching, student evaluation
74 Jackson, Allyn. (1994, March). Fighting For Tenure: The Jenny
Harrison Case Opens Pandora’s Box of Issues About Tenure. Notices
41(3), 187-194.
Documents Jenny Harrison’s tenure battle at UC-Berkeley including
denial, appeal, lawsuit, and final external tenure review. Includes
comments from colleagues.
Keywords: tenure review, gender bias, external review, dual appointment, sexism
BELOW NOT ANNOTATED
76 Fidell, L.S. (1975). “Empirical Verification of Sex Discrimination
in Hiring Practices in Psychology.” In R.K. Unger and F.L. Denmark
(Eds.), Women: Dependent or Independent Variable? New York:
Psychological Dimensions.
80 Llewellyn, D., Usselman, M., and Brown, A. (2001). “ Institutional
Self-Assessments as Change Agents: Georgia Tech’s Two Year Experience.”
Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education
Annual Conference and Exposition, Session 2592
87 Reskin, Barbara. (1978). “Sex Differentiation and the Social Organization of Science.” Sociological Inquiry 48: pp. 491-504.
93 Sonnert, Gerhard. (1999). “Women in Science and Engineering.” The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 869: pp. 34-57.
95 Wulf, William. (2001). “The Declining Percentage of Women in
Computer Science: An Academic View.” Who Will Do the Science of the
Future? Washington D.C: National Academy Press.
96 Bergquist, William H. and Phillips, Steven R. (March 1975).
“Components of an Effective Faculty Development Program.” The Journal
of Higher Education 46: pp. 177-211.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1546%28197503%2F04%2946%3A2%3C177%3ACOAEFD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R
Since piecemeal efforts to improve college and university teaching have
generally proven ineffective, we must turn to a comprehensive approach
to faculty development, through which we can develop new methods of
evaluation and diagnosis, find viable ways of introducing new
technology and curricula, and explore new approaches to instructional
improvement. Faculty development must give serious attention to the
impact of change on the faculty member himself and on his institution.
Organizational and personal development thus become essential to
faculty development. It is only through such a comprehensive approach
that efforts toward improvement can have lasting impact.
Keywords: faculty development, institutional climate
97 Goodman, Madeleine J. (July 1990). “The Review of Tenured Faculty: A
Collegial Model.” The Journal of Higher Education 61:pp. 408-424.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1546%28199007%2F08%2961%3A4%3C408%3ATROTFA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M
The University of Hawaii post-tenure review focuses on collegial
professional standards rather than salary issues. By
administration-union agreement chairpersons apply departmental
expectations to assay deficiencies subject to final adjudication by a
peer committee. Individual remediation plans emphasize faculty.
Outcomes of the first review cycle are positive.
Keywords: union, peer review, compensation
98 Park, Shelley M. (January 1996). “Research, Teaching, and Service:
Why Shouldn't Women's Work Count?” The Journal of Higher Education 67:
pp. 46-84.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1546%28199601%2F02%2967%3A1%3C46%3ARTASWS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6
This article critically examines current university tenure and
promotion criteria, suggesting that such criteria are both an effect
and a source of gender bias in academia. It argues that current working
assumptions regarding (1) what constitutes good research, teaching, and
service and (2) the relative importance of each of these endeavors
reflect and perpetuate masculine values and practices, thus preventing
the professional advancement of female faculty, both individually and
collectively.
Keywords: gender bias, workload
99 Glasman, Naftaly S. (May 1976). “Evaluation of Instructors in Higher
Education: An Administrative Function.” The Journal of Higher Education
47: pp. 309-326.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1546%28197605%2F06%2947%3A3%3C309%3AEOIIHE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6
A conceptual framework containing three domains for an administrative
perspective on faculty evaluation is presented. The first domain deals
with faculty need satisfaction; the second centers on the instructors'
work environment; and the third relates to the appropriateness of
evaluation tools.
Keywords: evaluation tools
100 Lomperis, A.M.T. (November 1990). “Are Women Changing the Nature of
the Academic Profession?” The Journal of Higher Education 61: pp. 643-
677.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1546%28199011%2F12%2961%3A6%3C643%3AAWCTNO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y
Analyzing supply and demand side evidence since the 1970s, this study
concludes that the increased presence of women in the academic
profession has been most marked in fields abandoned and off-track
positions historically avoided by academic men, which has profoundly
affected the nature of the academy itself.
Keywords: gender bias, status
101 Tien, Flora F. and Blackburn, Robert T. (January 1996). “Faculty
Rank System, Research Motivation, and Faculty Research Productivity:
Measure Refinement and Theory Testing.” The Journal of Higher Education
67: pp.2-22.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1546%28199601%2F02%2967%3A1%3C2%3AFRSRMA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J
This study explores the relationship between the traditional system of
faculty ranks and faculty research productivity from the perspectives
of behavioral reinforcement theory and of selection function. We
generated and tested six hypotheses, using data from the 1989 Carnegie
survey of faculty. The results failed to support completely either the
reinforcement schedule theory or the selection function.
Keywords: rewards, research
102 Braxton, John M., Eimers, Mardy T., and Bayer, Alan E. (November
1996). “The Implications of Teaching Norms for the Improvement of
Undergraduate Education.” The Journal of Higher Education 67: pp.
603-625.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1546%28199611%2F12%2967%3A6%3C603%3ATIOTNF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z
Because suggestions for improving undergraduate education are unlikely
to be enacted by faculty if requisite norms are not present, we
examined six recommendations from the literature to determine whether
the corresponding prevailing norms were endorsed by faculty members.
Norms were found to be extant for three of the recommendations, but
they were largely absent for the other three, which therefore require
strong personal control for successful implementation.
Keywords: incentives, performance, workload
103 Olsen, Deborah. (July 1993). “Work Satisfaction and Stress in the
First and Third Year of Academic Appointment.” The Journal of Higher
Education 64: pp. 453-471.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1546%28199307%2F08%2964%3A4%3C453%3AWSASIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V
Newly hired tenure-track faculty were interviewed in the first and
third year of appointment. Findings indicated a decrease in job
satisfaction and increase in job-related stress. Factors driving stress
and satisfaction varied over time. Understanding junior faculty needs
can enhance faculty development efforts at this critical stage.
Keywords: balance, stress, rewards, satisfaction
104 Kuh, George D; Ransdell, Gary A. (May 1980). “Evaluation by
Discussion: An Evaluation Design for Postsecondary Programs.” The
Journal of Higher Education 51: pp. 301-313.
105 Rood, Harold J. (March 1977). “Legal Issues in Faculty Termination: An Analysis Based on Recent Court Cases.”
106 Lee, Barbara A. (January 1985). “Federal Court Involvement in Academic Personnel Decisions: Impact on Peer Review.”
107 Magnusen, Karl O. (September 1987). “Faculty Evaluation, Performance, and Pay: Application and Issues.”
108 Menges, Robert J. and Exum, William H. (March 1983). “Barriers to the Progress of Women and Minority Faculty.”
109 O’Hanlon, James and Mortensen, Lynn. (November 1980). “Making Teacher Evaluation Work.”
110 Harvey, Thomas R. (November 1974). “A Heretical Approach to Evaluation.”
111 Weeks, Kent M. (March 1990). “The Peer Review Process: Confidentiality and Disclosure.”
112 Clark, Shirley M. and Corcoran, Mary. (January 1986). “Perspectives
on the Professional Socialization of Women Faculty: A Case of
Accumulating Disadvantage?”
113 Centra, John A. (September 1994). “The Use of the Teaching Portfolio and Student Evaluations for Summative Evaluation.”
114 Koon, Jeff and Murray, Henry G. (January 1995). “Using Multiple
Outcomes to Validate Student Ratings of Overall Teacher Effectiveness.”
115 Goodwin, Laura D. and Stevens, Ellen A. (March 1993). “The
Influence of Gender on University Faculty Members’ Perceptions of
‘Good’ Teaching.”
116 Toma, J. Douglas. (November 1997). “Alternative Inquiry Paradigms, Faculty Cultures, and the Definition of Academic Lives.”
117 Skolnik, Michael L. (November 1989). “How Academic Program Review
Can Foster Intellectual Conformity and Stifle Diversity of Thought and
Method.”
118 Linsky, Arnold S. and Straus, Murray A. (January 1975). “Student
Evaluations, Research Productivity, and Eminence of College Faculty.”
119 Scott, Richard R. (Summer 1981). “Black Faculty Productivity and Interpersonal Academic Contacts.”
120 Harry, Joseph and Goldner, Norman S. (Winter 1972). “The Null Relationship Between Teaching and Research.”
121 Miller, A. Carolyn and Serzan, Sharon L. (November 1984). “Criteria for Identifying a Refereed Journal.”
122 Derry, J. O. (January 1979). “Can Students’ Ratings of Instruction Serve Rival Purposes?”
123 Konrad, Alison M. and Pfeffer, Jeffrey. (July 1991). “Understanding
the Hiring of Women and Minorities in Educational Institutions.”
124 Lindsay, Beverly. (Summer 1994). “African American Women and Brown: A Lingering Twlight of Emerging Dawn?”
125 Greenburg, Michael and Zenchelsky, Seymour. (Autumn 1990). “The
Confrontation with Nazism at Rutgers: Academic Bureaucracy and Moral
Failure.”
126 Neumann, Yoram and Finaly-Neumann, Edith. (September 1990). “The Support-Stress Paradigm and Faculty Research Publication.”
127 Chalmers, E. L. Jr. (October 1972). “Achieving Equity for Women in Higher Education Graduate Enrollment and Faculty Status.”
128 Saha, Lawrence J. (January 1976). “How Divisive Are Left-Wing Academics” An Australian Test.”
129 Wilshire, Bruce. (May 1990). “Professionalism as Purification Ritual: Alienation and Disintegration in the University.”
130 Reskin, Barbara. (July 1979). “Academic Sponsorship and Scientists’ Careers.”
131 Canada, Katherine and Pringle, Richard. (July 1995). “The Role of
Gender in College Classroom Interactions: A Social Context Approach.”
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